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The Archbishopric of Moravia ((ラテン語:Sancta Ecclesia Marabensis)) was an ecclesiastical province, established by the Holy See to promote Christian missions among the Slavic peoples. Its first archbishop, the Byzantine Methodius, persuaded Pope John VIII to sanction the use of Old Church Slavonic in liturgy. Methodius was consecrated archbishop of Pannonia by Pope Adrian II on the request of Koceľ, the Slavic ruler of Pannonia in East Francia in 870. Methodius's appointment was sharply opposed by the Bavarian prelates, especially the Archbishop of Salzburg and the Bishop of Passau, because missionaries from their dioceses had already been active in the territory designated to Methodius, including Pannonia and Moravia, for decades. Methodius was almost soon captured and imprisoned. He was only released in 873 on Pope John VIII's order. He settled in Moravia which emerged into a leading power of Central Europe during the next decade in the reign of Svatopluk. However, most clerics, who had come from East Francia, were hostile to the archbishop, who introduced Byzantine customs and promoted the use of vernacular in liturgy. They accused Methodius of heresy, but he convinced the pope of the orthodoxy of his views. The pope also strengthened Methodious's position, declaring that all clerics in Moravia, including the newly consecrated bishop of Nitra, were to be obedient to Methodius in 880. Methodius died on 6 April 885. Wiching, Bishop of Nitra, who had always been hostile to the archbishop, expelled his disciples from Moravia. No new archbishop were appointed and Wiching, who remained the only prelate with a see in Moravia, settled in East Francia in the early 890s. Church hierarchy was only restored in Moravia when the legates of Pope John IX consecrated an archbishop and three bishops around 899. However, the Magyars occupied Moravia in the first decade of the 10th century. == Origins == The Avar Khaganate, the dominant power of Central Europe in the early Middle Ages, had a decisive impact on the neighboring Slavic rulers' way of life. The Avars' power collapsed after the Franks launched military campaigns against the western territories of the Khaganate in the 790s. At a synod that Charlemagne's son, Pepin, held in 796, the bishops made decisions on several aspects of missionary work in the newly conquered Pannonia. They ruled that the local Christians who had been baptised in the name of the Trinity should not be rebaptised in contrast with those who had not received baptism properly. Charlemagne divided the newly conquered territory along the river Drava between the Bishopric of Salzburg and the Patriarchate of Aquileia in 796 or 797. The see of Salzburg became an archbishopric in 798, with five suffragan bishoprics, including the Diocese of Passau. Missionaries from Salzburg were especially active among the Slavs in Carantania, clerics dispatched by the bishops of Passau worked primarily in Moravia. Adalram, who was archbishop of Salzburg between 821 and 836, consencrated a church for one Pribina "on his estate at a place over the Danube called Nitrava", according to the ''Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum'' (a report, written around 870, about the missionary activities of clerics from Salzburg). Historians date this event between 828 and 832, but Pribina was only baptised in the Carolingian Empire after Mojmir I of Moravia expelled him from his homeland around 833. Pribina settled in Pannonia where he received extensive domains in the late 830s. He closely cooperated with Liupramm, Archbishop of Salzburg, who consencrated churches for him in Mosaburg, Ptuj, Pécs and other settlements in Pannonia between 850 and 859. The ''Notae de episcopis Pateviensibus'' recorded that Reginhar, Bishop of Passau, "baptised all Moravians" in 831. However, 21 years later, the prelates in East Francia still considered Moravian Christianity "coarse". The ''Life of Constantine the Philosopher'' emphasized that the German missionaries "forbade neither the offering of sacrifices according to the ancient custom, nor shameful marriages".〔''The Life of Constantine the Philosopher'' (ch. 15.), p. 69.〕 The ''Life of Methodius'' mentioned that "many Christian teachers", or missionaries, had come to Moravia "from among the Italians, Greeks and Germans" who taught the local Christians "in various ways".〔''The Life of Methodius'' (ch. 5.), p. 111.〕 Mojmir I's successor, Rastislav of Moravia, Rastislav's nephew, Svatopluk, and Pribina's son and successor, Koceľ, approached the Holy See to ask for "a teacher"〔''The Life of Methodius'' (ch. 8.), p. 115.〕 in the early 860s, according to the letter ''Gloria in excelsis Deo'', of dubious authenticity, which was recorded in the ''Life of Methodius'' and is attributed to Pope Adrian II. Even if the report of the Slavic princes' request is reliable, they did not receive an answer. Rastislav sent his envoys to the Byzantine Emperor, Michael III, asking him to sent missionaries to educate the local priests in Moravia. Rastislav's actions show that he wanted to reduce the influence of the Frankish clergy in his realm. Emperor Michael III dispatched two experienced diplomats and missionaries, Constantine and Methodiusthe sons of a military officers from Thessalonikito Rastislav's court. The brothers and their retinue arrived in Moravia in 863 and 864. Constantine translated religious texts (first the ''Gospel of St. John'') to Slavic, using an alphabet he had invented for this purpose. The use of the vernacular enabled the missionaries to accelerate the education of local priests. However, it contradicted "trilingualism"the acceptance of Latin, Greek and Hebrew as sacred languageswhich was the dominant view in Western Europe. Three or four years after their arrival, Constantine and Methodius left Moravia to achieve the consecration of their pupils, because they did not know which bishop could ordain priests in Rastislav's realm. During the journey, they spent some time in Pannonia (within the jurisdiction of the Archbishops of Salzburg) and taught the "Slavic letters"〔''The Life of Constantine the Philosopher'' (ch. 16.), p. 71.〕 to the local ruler, Koceľ, and fifty new students. From Pannonia, they went to Venice where "bishops, priests and monks gathered against () like ravens against a falcon",〔''The Life of Constantine the Philosopher'' (ch. 15.), p. 71.〕 condemning the use of Slavic liturgy, but Constantine defended his case, especially referring to Paul the Apostle's ''First Epistle to the Corinthians''. After learning of the brothers' activities, Pope Nicholas I summoned them to Rome. He either wanted to prevent them from returning to the Byzantine Empire because of his conflict with Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople, or decided to take advantage of the brothers' missionary activities to hinder the expansion of the Salzburg see. By the time Constantine and Methodius arrived in Rome in early 867, Pope Nicholas had died, but his successor, Pope Adrian II, sanctioned the use of the books that Constantine had translated to Slavic. On the Pope's orders, some pupils of Constantine and Methodius were ordained priests or lectors. Constantine died in Rome on 14 February 869, urging his brother on his deathbed not to abandon the mission among the Slavs. Koceľ sent his envoys to Rome, asking Pope Adrian II to sent Methodius to Pannonia. In the letter ''Gloria in excelsis Deo'', addressed to Rastislav, Svatopluk and Koceľ, the pope informed the three Slavic rulers that he made Methodius papal legate to continue the mission in their realms. The pope also sanctioned the use of Slavic liturgy. Methodius arrived in Pannonia in the summer or autumn of 869. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Archbishopric of Moravia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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